The analysis of major OT cyber incidents — such as Stuxnet (2010), BlackEnergy (2015), and Industroyer (2016) — reveals a clear pattern of common attack methods and recurring vulnerabilities across industrial systems.

• Common methods: phishing, USB infections, protocol abuse.
• Key vulnerabilities: outdated systems, lack of segmentation, weak authentication.
• Lessons:
  • Segment OT and IT networks.
  • Monitor for unusual activity.
  • Apply security updates when possible.